strace - Trace system calls and signals. A diagnostic, debugging and instructional userspace utility.
Valgrind - Valgrind is an instrumentation framework for building dynamic analysis tools.
ftrace - A function tracer for the Linux kernel.
API Monitor - API Monitor is a software that monitors and displays API calls made by applications and services. Its a powerful tool for seeing how Windows and other applications work or tracking down problems that you have in your own applications
DTrace - DTrace is a performance analysis and troubleshooting tool for Solaris, Mac OS X and FreeBSD.
Process Monitor - Monitor file system, Registry, process, thread and DLL activity in real-time.